Historians and Novelists on Thomas Cromwell, Francis Walsingham - Codes & Codebreaking, Hans Holbein's Art and Religious Propaganda. Prince Arthur died on Saturday, 2nd April, 1502. (50) Henry took her death very badly and "departed to a solitary place and would no man should resort unto him." Of the revolts faced by Henry VII, the most serious were those with dynastic intentions. Richard Symonds was arrested and sentenced to life in a bishops prison. As a result, several people in England were arrested and executed. [13], This article is about the English person. Simnel became the figurehead of a Yorkist rebellion organised by John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln. Once the marriage was officially completed, some years might pass before the appropriate moment was judged to have arrived. According to James A. Williamson, Simnel was merely a figurehead for a rebellion that was already being planned by the Yorkists: He was merely a commonplace tool to be used for important ends, and the attempt to overthrow Henry VII would have taken place had Simnel never existed. (1), In February 1487 Lambert Simnel appeared in Dublin and claimed to be Edward, earl of Warwick, son and heir of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence, the brother of Edward IV, and the last surviving male of the House of York. "Come then," says the king, "tell me where you are to be in the Christmas holidays that are now coming." On 3rd September he entered the capital in triumph. He also brought with him over 1,800 mercenaries recruited from French prisons. The people of Cornwall objected to paying taxes for war against Scotland and began a march on London. (26) However, on 20th November 1495 he went to see King James IV of Scotland in Stirling Castle. (57), Henry VII was keen to maintain his alliance with Ferdinand of Aragon and recently widowed, offered to marry Catherine of Aragon himself. In June 1487, Simnel landed in Lancashire, supported by 2,000 German mercenaries provided by Edward IVs sister Margaret, duchess of Burgundy, and in company with a genuine Yorkist claimant, John de la Pole, earl of Lincoln, who had abandoned his temporary loyalty to the Tudors. (56), Roger Lockyer has argued that "Empson was the only prominent member of Henry's Council to come from a bourgeois background - his father was a person of some importance in the town of Towcester - and the idea that Henry VII surrounded himself with 'middle-class men' is very misleading. vi. (Answer Commentary), Anne Boleyn - Religious Reformer (Answer Commentary), Did Anne Boleyn have six fingers on her right hand? [7], On 16 June 1487, the rebels clashed with the King's army, at the Battle of Stoke Field in Nottinghamshire, and were defeated. Revisiting Anne Boleyns Guilt, https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/tudor-england/the-lambert-simnel-rebellion/, https://www.historytoday.com/archive/execution-perkin-warbeck. The battle of Stoke was a sharp and brutal encounter." Symonds, a Yorkist, first decided to pass off Simnel as Richard of York, the younger of the two boys but then decided to pass him off as the Earl of Warwick. Richard therefore gave orders for Lord Stanley's son to be brought to the top of the hill. However, they were not happy about sending their daughter to a country whose king might be deposed at any time. The threats facing Henry VII are then analysed by looking at the Tudor family tree, and understanding who the claimants pretended to be. Most actions or grants of grace resulted in fines to the king, in amounts and by methods which led Polydore Vergil and others to characterize both Empson and Dudley as extortioners." Simnel and Simond were captured by Robert Bellingham, a squire of Henry's house. Cornwall, then as now an independent minded part of England, provided Warbeck with 6,000 men to march on Henry. Living the Lie: Who Was the Mysterious Man from Formosa? Most definitely, he was of humble origin. In 1485 Richard III, the last Plantagenet king of England, was defeated and killed on the battlefield, with Henry Tudor claiming the throne to become Henry VII. was born probably in Oxford, the son of Thomas Simnel, a carpenter, organ maker, or cobbler. Nor is it quite certain that it was not Henry who killed the Princes in the Tower. This led to the decision to claim that he was the younger son of King Edward IV. Nearly every summer they were hit by epidemics of the Plague or Sweating Sickness which killed many of the population and improved the standard of living of the survivors, as the shortage of tenants and agricultural labourers kept rents low and wages high. Henry VIII: Catherine of Aragon or Anne Boleyn? King Louis XI of France agreed to Edward's request to try and capture Henry. Backed by this force, the Irish became more confident and actually crowned Simnel king in Dublin in May 1487. In order to persuade him to change his mind, Richard arranged for Lord Stanley's eldest son to be kidnapped.On 21 August 1485, King Richard's army positioned themselves on Ambien Hill, close to the small village of Bosworth in Leicestershire. Alison Weir has argued that his childhood experiences had encouraged him to feel insecure and suspicious. (25)In July 1495 Warbeck landed some of his men at Deal. He sailed to Ireland with over 1,500 German mercenaries. In 1486, the rumour that the princes in the Tower, Edwards children, were still alive, suggested that Simnel might be passed off as one of them. He has written for 8 years in a variety of fields including history, health and politics. Elizabeth of York was placed in the London household of his mother, Margaret Beaufort. Richard had been informed that Lord Stanley had already promised to help Henry Tudor. When the situation began to deteriorate, Richard called up his reserve forces led by Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland. King Henry treated Warbeck well, and after he confessed that he was a fraud, he was provided accommodation at the court of Henry. He appears to have been the son of an Oxford tradesman. More worrying were the figures in the English nobility who signaled their support for Warbeck. It was allied to great patience and great industry. At this time, England and Wales had a combined population of only two and a half million, compared to the seven and a half million of Castile and Aragon, and the fifteen million of France. Bacon commented: "The less blood he drew, the more he took of treasure." Copy this link, or click below to email it to a friend. The conventional picture of of the cold, calculating, thin-lipped, skinflint king will not quite so. He also met Viscount Lovell, who had supported a failed Yorkist uprising in 1486. (39), Catherine of Aragon arrived in England on 2nd October 1501. Simnel's cause was supported by the powerful Yorkist faction in Ireland and was funded by Margaret of Burgundy and encouraged by Charles VIII of France. In August 1485, Henry arrived in Wales with 2,000 of his supporters. (51)if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'spartacus_educational_com-leader-3','ezslot_17',703,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-leader-3-0');Richard Empson & Edmund DudleyChristopher Morris, the author of The Tudors (1955) has argued: "Henry VII was an extremely clever man, possibly the cleverest man who ever sat on the English throne. Henry's genius was mainly a genius for cautious manoeuvre, for exact timing, for delicate negotiation, for weighing up an opponent or a subordinate, and not least, a genius for organisation. Nothing is known of his upbringing." (2) Polydore Vergil described him as as "a comely youth, and well favoured, not without some extraordinary dignity and grace of aspect". David Starkey has suggested he might have been suffering from testicular cancer. It established a common policy towards France, reduced tariffs between the two countries and agreed a marriage contract between Prince Arthur and Catherine of Aragon and also established a dowry for Catherine of 200,000 crowns. John de la Pole, 1st Earl of Lincoln, formerly the designated successor of his uncle the late King Richard III, joined the conspiracy against Henry VII. England and Germany to the belly, the one in liquor, the other in meat; France a little beneath the belly; Italy to vanity and pleasures devised; and let an English belly have a further advancement, and nothing can stay it." The young Earl had never been seen again, and John de la Pole, the Earl of Lincoln and a leader of the Yorkist rebellion, seized on this opportunity. Mrs Nicholsons recollections of her tour among the peasantry are still revealing and gripping today. Sections. File:Lambert simnel.jpg From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository Jump to navigationJump to search File File history File usage on Commons File usage on other wikis Metadata Size of this preview: 507 600 pixels. (3). He then proceeded to fine all those involved in the rebellion. Henry VII had been kept informed about the invasion and his army, probably twice the size of Pole's, headed north from London. Simnel, one of the many pretenders to the throne of Henry VII, was put forward as Edward, earl of Warwick, nephew of Richard III. Catherine was allocated Durham House in London. The right of Succession (of any child born to Catherine and Henry) depends on the undoubted legitimacy of the treaty." During his reign Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley became the king's most trusted ministers. It established a common policy towards France, reduced tariffs between the two countries and agreed a marriage contract between Prince Arthur and Catherine of Aragon and also established a dowry for Catherine of 200,000 crowns. Learn how and when to remove this template message, Michael J. Bennett, "Simnel, Lambert (b. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The battle of Stoke was a sharp and brutal encounter." Lovell went missing and was rumoured to have escaped to Scotland with Sir Thomas Broughton and hidden to avoid retribution. Warbeck fell into Henry's hands in October 1497; before long he had abused the king's leniency and so was hanged (23 November 1499). At this moment his horse died under him. Catherine moved to Richmond Palace but complained to her father about her poverty and her inability to pay her servants, and her demeaning dependence on Henry's charity. When Henry VII heard what was happening he began to plan an invasion of Scotland. Henry Tudor, the second son of Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond and Margaret Beaufort, was born in Pembroke Castle on 28th January 1457. The first of these people was Lambert Simnel.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'historylearningsite_co_uk-medrectangle-4','ezslot_13',114,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-historylearningsite_co_uk-medrectangle-4-0'); Richard Symonds was a priest from Oxford. He appears to have been the son of an Oxford tradesman. "He presented to the world a genial, smiling countenance, yet beneath it he was suspicious, devious and parsimonious. From: With a loyal squadron of his household, he swept through to Henry's immediate bodyguard, striking down his standard-bearer. (28), Henry VII sent a force of archers and cavalry round the back of the rebels. Perkin Warbeck claimed himself as the direct heir of King Edward IV. Let it be hastened, that the love conceived between us and the wished-for joys may reap their proper fruit." The gentry, whose numbers and importance in the royal administration were steadily increasing, were close in blood and social assumptions to the aristocracy, and counted themselves among the upper ranks of English society." 1517 May Day Riots: How do historians know what happened? Backed by several thousand Irish troops in addition to Margaret's mercenaries, Simnel and his patrons landed at Foulney Island on the Cumbrian coast on 4 June and marched across northern Lancashire, over the Pennines and rapidly southwards, gathering support from Ricardian die-hards. Warbeck explained that Edward V, his older brother, had indeed been killed, but that he was spared due to his young age. She never recovered and died nine days later on 11th February, her thirty-seventh birthday, of puerperal fever. (10). The direct Plantagenet line was finished; though insecure until the end of the century, Henry consolidated his success Henry Tudor he could hold aloof and inspire fear, and he became the greatest architect of the Tudor fortunes. In 1487, his claim to be Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick, threatened the newly established reign of Henry VII (1485-1509). Catherine was also encouraged to learn French as very few people in the English court spoke Spanish or Latin. He seems to have been consumptive, and had grown weaker since the wedding. John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath in Oklahoma Primary Source "Guymon Prepares to Shame . On 24 May 1487, Simnel was crowned in Christ Church Cathedral in Dublin as "King Edward VI" but this regnal number was written later when the official story had taken hold. In the 2017 Starz miniseries The White Princess, Simnel is portrayed by Max True. For example, Henry VII's mother, Margaret Beaufort, was only thirteen when she had him and never had any other children in the course of four marriages. Once the marriage was officially completed, some years might pass before the appropriate moment was judged to have arrived. But after remaining in court for eight months, he tried to escape and was soon recaptured. His origins are obscure, even in official accounts; his mother is unknown and he may have been illegitimate. Subscribe to our Spartacus Newsletter and keep up to date with the latest articles. In 1492 King Charles VIII of France began funding his campaign. For example, many people refer to these sources to gain information, knowledge and a general idea about the time. The only part of France still held by the English was the Marches of Calais, a strip of territory around the town of Calais. Lambert Simnel Perkin Warbeck Prince Arthur & Catherine of Aragon Richard Empson & Edmund Dudley Catherine of Aragon Primary Sources Student Activities References Henry Tudor, the second son of Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond and Margaret Beaufort, was born in Pembroke Castle on 28th January 1457. He wished to be remote and incalculable; he wished to be more feared than loved. The Earl of Lincoln was killed during the battle and Lambert Simnel was captured. was born probably in Oxford, the son of Thomas Simnel, a carpenter, organ maker, or cobbler.His origins are obscure, even in official accounts; his mother is unknown and he may have been illegitimate. He also provided funding for Warbeck's 1,400 supporters. Whether out of fond memory of the Irish administration of Richard, duke of York, resentment at Henry's restoration of the Butler earls of Ormond, or sheer opportunism, most of the Irish political community had recognized Simnel as king. Simnel, according to one account, was incarcerated in the Tower of London; according to another, Henry employed him as a turnspit in the royal kitchen, and afterwards made him master of the falcons. The sea-crossing was terrible: a violent storm blew up in the Bay of Biscay, and the ship was tossed about for several days in rough seas and the captain was forced to return to Spain. (Answer Commentary). According to Francis Bacon: "The Cornish, being ill-armed and ill-led and without horse or artillery, were with no great difficulty cut in pieces and put to flight." For the king it was all or nothing.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[336,280],'historylearningsite_co_uk-medrectangle-3','ezslot_4',129,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-historylearningsite_co_uk-medrectangle-3-0'); The first initial problem Henry had was one he inherited from Richard III the Princes in the Tower. Simnel, one of the many pretenders to the throne of Henry VII, was put forward as Edward, earl of Warwick, nephew of Richard III, escaped from the Tower. She told her father she had managed to buy only two dresses since she came to England from Spain six years earlier. (43), The couple spent the first month of their marriage at Tickenhill Manor. Henry Tudor, as the head of the House of Lancaster, now had a claim to become king. The right of Succession (of any child born to Catherine and Henry) depends on the undoubted legitimacy of the treaty." Anxious reports might pass between ambassadors on physical development; royal parents might take advice on their offsprings' readiness for the ordeal. (26) However, on 20th November 1495 he went to see King James IV of Scotland in Stirling Castle. His body was found among the other dead and after suffering many humiliations, it was taken to Leicester in an inhuman manner, with a rope around its neck. At this time, England and Wales had a combined population of only two and a half million, compared to the seven and a half million of Castile and Aragon, and the fifteen million of France. When he captured Lambert Simnel, the young tradesman's son who led the first revolt against him and was crowned King of England in Dublin, he did not put him to death, but employed him as a servant in his household." It seeks to probe the mysteries surrounding Lambert Simnel . King Richard received many mortal wounds and like a spirited and most courageous prince, fell in battle on the field and not in flight. Although this was the final, decisive victory in the famous Wars of the Roses, this was far from clear at the time. However, they were not happy about sending their daughter to a country whose king might be deposed at any time. Henrys army met the first invasion force in 1495, crushing the attack before Warbeck had even made it to dry land. (3), It is believed that John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, nephew of the Yorkist kings, was the leader of the conspiracy. On 27th March 1502, Arthur fell seriously ill. Based on the description of symptoms by his servants, he appeared to have been suffering from a bronchial or pulmonary condition, such as pneumonia, tuberculosis or some virulent form of influenza. The methods he used included the use of promoters for prosecution; imprisonment to facilitate settlement by fine or composition; and summonses issued (as in other council courts) by privy seal His particular responsibilities were the authorization of pardons, countersigned by the king; the finding and traverse of intrusions and the issue of commissions of concealments; pardons and forfeitures on outlawry; wards and liveries of lands. Margaret was the great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt. The sea-crossing was terrible: a violent storm blew up in the Bay of Biscay, and the ship was tossed about for several days in rough seas and the captain was forced to return to Spain. Simnel was later given the post of kings falconer in recognition of how well he had worked. [4] When Henry heard about what was going on, he arranged for the real Earl of Warwick to be taken from the tower and paraded through London, presumably to disprove the rumours of his death or escape. If you find this article useful, please feel free to share on websites like, The Marriage of Prince Arthur and Catherine of Aragon. Henry VII constantly feared an invasion from his powerful neighbour. All rights reserved. Considered a pawn in his uprising and only a child when his rebellion occurred, he was given a job in King Henrys kitchen. The first challenge to Henrys crown came barely a year after he defeated Richard III. He proclaimed himself Richard III and imprisoned the Princes in the Tower, where, almost certainly, he had them murdered.Henry Tudor, as the head of the House of Lancaster, now had a claim to become king. She became pregnant again and a daughter, Katherine was born prematurely on 2nd February 1503. Contemporary sources claim that "she was also on the plump side - but then a pleasant roundness in youth was considered to be desirable at this period, a pointer to future fertility". To comprehend how it came about that Lambert Simnel, the ten-year-old son of an Oxford joiner, could come to be crowned King Edward VI in Christchurch, Dublin, on 24 May 1487, supported by many Irish lords, including Gerald, eighth earl of Kildare (the 'uncrowned' king of Ireland . A compilation of primary source documents for American history sorted by year. ", Henry VII: A Wise or Wicked Ruler? History Learning Site Copyright 2000 - 2023. The siring of progeny was the essential next step in these royal marriages, so endlessly negotiated." Lambert Simnel (c. 1477 after 1534) was a pretender to the throne of England. Lord Kildare collected an army of Irish soldiers under the command of his younger brother, Thomas FitzGerald of Laccagh. The methods he used included the use of promoters for prosecution; imprisonment to facilitate settlement by fine or composition; and summonses issued (as in other council courts) by privy seal His particular responsibilities were the authorization of pardons, countersigned by the king; the finding and traverse of intrusions and the issue of commissions of concealments; pardons and forfeitures on outlawry; wards and liveries of lands. The ordeal these sources to gain information, knowledge and a daughter, Katherine was born prematurely on February. 'S request to try and capture Henry began to plan an invasion of Scotland him. 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